Archive for the ‘Persuasion and Influence’ Category

3 More Recipes for Persuasive Content

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009

I’m delighted with the response to 10 Recipes for Persuasive Content.  Great discussion. Hungry for more?  I’ve added three new recipes:

11. Remember Persuasion Isn’t Just for Sales

Many people isolate persuasive content to sales.  However, persuasive content is also important for customer service, self-service, and technical support. Why? Because in those contexts you still have the opportunity to influence customers.  For example, you might

  • Remind customers of your product or service benefits and differentiators.
  • Convince people to remain customers despite the problem or misunderstanding they experienced.
  • Highlight a different or additional product or service that better meets the customer’s need and might prevent future problems or misunderstandings.
  • Convince people to try customer self-service or features such as paperless billing (see example below).
  • Show appreciation for the customer.

The trick, of course, is to be sensitive to the timing and context.  Don’t try to upsell the customer before addressing the customer service need.  And don’t try to upsell the customer to a completely irrelevant product or service. An example is one of my favorite projects for Cingular Wireless, the Cingular Service Summary.  This print document, e-mail, and web content promoted self-service options to new and renewed customers.  Given to customers AFTER the sale, the content focuses on relevant information.  We had to fight to keep inappropriate upselling out of it. The fight paid off…AT&T uses a similar concept today.

The Cingular Service Summary promoted self-service options.
The Cingular Service Summary promoted self-service options.


12. Consider the Influence of “Unread” Content

Content such as brand, product, or company history and company accomplishments might seem to be junk food. Certainly, a Web site should not have more content about its history than about its products or services. But such content feeds the appetite for credibility, especially for potential clients or customers.

Here’s an example. I recently contributed to User Insight’s redesign (to launch in January 2009). I recommended that they include this type of content.  They included very little of it in their early designs, thinking that content was not useful enough.  When User Insight tested it with potential clients, guess what they asked for?

Another example I’ve discussed in a UXMatters column is the Mini-Cooper.  The history of the product is part of its appeal, so devoting some well-crafted content to it is more than appropriate.

13. Quantify the Abstract

I’ve mentioned metaphors as a fantastic way to make intangible concepts, such as services, tangible. Another way is through numbers or quantifications. Communicating the value of services—or really anything other than a hold-in-your-hand product—to new or unfamiliar customers might be a challenge. Numbers give people a taste of the service’s impact and benefit.  Numbers are also a great rational appeal (Recipe #6).

For example, Huge Interactive devotes much of its home page to statistics—projects completed, number of employees, and more (see example below). These statistics are not particularly attractive.  But they make the results of an interactive agency’s good work undeniably real. The fact the company even has these stats suggests it is organized and reliable. Finally, most people in the interactive world are familiar with metrics. Including these stats shows that Huge can speak that language.

In helping User Insight with its soon-to-launch redesign, we used numbers throughout the content to help show User Insight’s credibility as well as to drive home one of its differentiators, research efficiency. People sometimes perceive research as slow. Numbers such as completing 150 projects in a year help prove User Insight is anything but.

Huge makes the impact of an interactive agency tangible through numbers.
Huge makes the impact of an interactive agency tangible through numbers.

10 Recipes for Persuasive Content

Thursday, December 4th, 2008

My latest column for UXMatters offers 10 practical tips, or recipes, to help anyone who touches content bake in some influential goodness. Check out 10 Recipes for Persuasive Content.

One tip is to create a distinctive tone.  Bliss is one of my favorite examples.

One tip is to create a distinctive tone. Bliss is one of my favorite examples.

Persuasive Technology + Content Strategy = Influential Content

Sunday, November 30th, 2008

Persuasive Technology…Or Content?

One of my heroes is B.J. Fogg for recognizing the value and potential of persuasion in the interactive space. He defined a discipline called persuasive technology (aka captology), which you can study in the excellent book Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think or Do. I love this work.  My issue? Often the “persuader” is the content, not the technology.

Why should you care? It’s critical to understand what exactly is persuading so that you invest time and resources appropriately in a persuasive effort.  If you invest completely in the technology and ignore the content, your persuasive effort will not succeed.

Allow me to explain further. First, let’s look at the definition of captology. The diagram below from Persuasive Technology illustates it as the intersection between computer devices and persuasive purposes.

Persuasive technology, aka captology, is defined in this diagram.  Is technology getting the credit when the content should?

This diagram defines persuasive technology, aka captology. Is technology getting the credit when the content should?

Is a PDA persuasive?  Does a kiosk influence you? How about a website?  If you’re like me, the answer is “it depends on the content.”

Now let’s take this a step further. Captology identifies three possible persuasive roles that technology might play: tool, medium, and social actor. A tool might be an application that analyzes your fuel efficiency to help motivate you to use less gas, such as Fuelly. A medium is not so much a medium as an environment where an experience is recreated or simulated.  An example is a game such as SimCity, where the player plans a city and watches the effects of his or her decisions carry through the game. (For more on persuasive games, see Ian Bogost’s work.) A social actor persuades more in the way a person would—and in the way I think most people associate with persuasion. A simple example is an e-commerce website congratulating and thanking you for completing a purchase.  This polite encouragement might influence you to shop at the website again later.

The three persuasive roles as defined in captology. Content is a huge part of each role

The three persuasive roles as defined in captology. Content is important to all three roles.

In my opinion, all of these persuasive roles depend highly on content. The content in the tool interface must support and clarify the tool’s function, as well as offer motivating messages.  The content for a medium must accurately and compellingly create the environment or tell the story.  Who better to tell stories than content experts?  (In fact, Ian Bogost’s background is as much in literature as it is in technology.) The content for a social actor must be well-crafted, use appropriate language, have personality, employ appropriate psychological principles, and more. The social actor role is especially critical to persuasion in interactive business. As interactive self-service continues to grow, our content needs to act like our company’s engaging salesman, helpful customer service representative, and efficient technical support representative.

Am I saying the technology is not important? No. Fogg articulates well the advantages and capabilities of technology as a means for persuasion. But I fear the technology has overshadowed the content. We need both.

Influential Content: Where Persuasive Technology and Content Strategy Meet

Over the past several months I have explored the topic of content, especially persuasive or influential content.  Along the way, I discovered a movement toward defining a discipline called content strategy.  This discipline is about giving content the respect, resources, organization, and time it deserves.

Persuasive technology needs more focus on content.  Content strategy offers a keen focus on content. They’re a perfect fit. I look forward to exploring the intersection of persuasive technology and content strategy in a space I’m calling “influential content.”  Stay tuned.

Obama’s Approach to Online Influence

Tuesday, November 18th, 2008

Here’s an interesting article that a colleague sent my way. The article explores Obama’s plan to continue using the Internet, especially social networking, as a tool to influence.

Obama ready to embrace Internet as tool for persuasion and participation

 

Announcing…threebrick

Sunday, November 9th, 2008

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After 10 years in interactive design and communications, I have decided to join two wonderful, talented partners—Matt Sartor and Darnell Clayton—in starting an interactive design consultancy, threebrick.


Do we need another consultancy or agency?  I thought about that question for more than a year. My answer is yes, and here are a few reasons why:

We Need a Consultancy with Expertise in User Experience, Creative Design, and Emerging Technology

Many agencies and consultancies claim expertise in these three foundational areas but do not actually have it.  It’s one thing to talk about them and another to do them successfully.  My partners and I have more than 30 years of experience combined.  We also LOVE what we do!  We constantly keep up with the latest trends, techniques, and innovations.  And we have a tendency to write or present about them, which forces us to stay extra sharp.

We Need a Consultancy That Keeps Its Promises

Too many times, by several different agencies and consultancies, a casual disregard for deadlines and commitments has shocked me.  If it continues, it will damage the credibility of the entire interactive industry.  My partners and I love this industry too much to let that happen.  I also have been dismayed at how often the people selling the work do not understand what it truly entails, so they can’t offer realistic promises.  Making a responsible promise and keeping it should not be optional.  We need a consultancy that does what it says.

We Need a Consultancy That Knows When to Talk, Who Should Talk, and When to Listen

People turn to agencies and consultancies for advice, so agencies and consultancies do need to talk.  But often the people with the expertise and useful ideas do not do the talking.  Also, my partners and I understand the art of listening—to the client, to the client’s stakeholders, to the customers, to the data.  We know that it’s impossible to truly understand a problem or a need, and consequently offer the best solution, without listening.  We call our approach “conversational design.”

We Need a Consultancy That Doesn’t Cause Fires

Sound obvious?  If an agency or consultancy has ever burned you, you know this isn’t as obvious as it should be.  My partners and I understand that clients have better things to do than put out fires due to poor planning or bad execution.  With our experience, we have taken what works and what doesn’t work to develop a “fireproof” process.

We Need a Consultancy Willing to Work with Start Ups Outside Silicon Valley

The Silicon Valley is still start-up land, but there are plenty of great interactive business ideas beyond it.  We’re willing to work with new businesses that have good ideas to help bring their dreams into reality.

We Need a Consultancy That Isn’t Fat on Overhead

In these lean economic times, we think clients will want the absolute most for their money.  We think they’re  less interested in box seats at the game and more interested in high-quality deliverables that win customers over and garner business results.

Answering a Few More Questions

  • When will threebrick be available?
    We’re happy to talk now and will be ready to hit the ground running in early 2009.  We invite you to start a conversation by e-mailing us at info@threebrick.com.
  • What are your emerging technology specialties?
    Our specialties beyond the web include mobile and speech (voice user interface) technology.
  • What are some of your other specialties?
    So glad you asked!  For user experience, our specialties include the key disciplines, such as information architecture, interaction design, usability, and content strategy.  Within our creative design offering, our clean CSS / HTML prototyping and design is a specialty.  Across all of our areas—user experience, creative design, and emerging technology—our specialties include persuasion and self-service.
  • Are you going to keep blogging?
    I’ve gone back and forth on this but have decided I will absolutely keep this blog going.
  • When will the threebrick website be available?
    Our initial presence is up at www.threebrick.com. The next version, which will tell a more complete story, will be up after the holidays.

Some Acknowledgments

I want to thank some special people, in addition to Matt and Darnell, for helping make this a reality.  Kevin, Karen, Greg, Ron, Nick, Erik—I can’t thank you enough.  I also want to thank my husband, Chris, for his kind support and patience with my loooong work hours!

What’s Happening: More on Metaphor and Content Strategy Panel

Friday, October 24th, 2008

It’s been a BUSY couple of weeks!  

  • My latest UXMatters column shares more on metaphor: The Magic of Metaphor.  So far it’s getting some interesting comments.  May the conversation continue!   

    Content about MobileMe draws on a container metaphor. For more, see my UXMatters column.

    Content about MobileMe draws on a container metaphor. For more, see my UXMatters column.

 

  • On Wednesday we held an AWESOME panel for CHI*Atlanta entitled Content Strategy: From Losing to Winning Content. Nearly 70 people attended to hear Conal Byrne of HowStuffWorks, Richard Sheffield of UPS, David Forbes of AT&T, and Kristina Halvorson of Brain Traffic.  Huge thanks to them and to all who attended. The mix of perspectives was fascinating and inspiring.  We also enjoyed a sneak preview of Kristina’s effort to define the discipline.  What a treat!  I’ll share the slides soon.

Going Deep: A Visit to Metaphoria

Monday, October 13th, 2008

“The metaphor is perhaps one of man’s most fruitful potentialities. Its efficacy verges on magic, and it seems a tool for creation which God forgot inside one of His creatures when He made him.”—José Ortega y Gasset

Harvard Professor Gerald Zaltman and marketing guru Lindsay Zaltman recently released a fascinating book, Marketing Metaphoria.

The Zaltmans call for deep thinking about consumer needs and thoughts.

The Zaltmans call for deep thinking about consumer needs.

They posit that, when companies, especially marketers, think about customers, they do not dig beneath the surface. They argue that beneath the surface are deep customer needs that truly—and often unconsciously—drive our customers’ decisions. To prove it, they conducted more than 12,000 in-depth interviews for more than a hundred clients, in more than 30 countries, using the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique, or ZMET. The results?  Seven deep metaphors emerged most often in every sector and country. People who otherwise have little in common—whether cultural background, age, gender, education, occupation, political values, consumer experiences, basic beliefs, religious preference, or almost anything else—shared these metaphors. An effective marketing strategy, the Zaltmans argue, should consider how to tap into them.

These metaphors reflect what psychology and related disciplines call univerals and include

  • balance—which focuses on justice, equilibrium, and the interplay of elements
  • transformation—including changes in substance and circumstances
  • journey—involving the meeting of past, present, and future
  • container—encompassing inclusion, exclusion, states of being, and other boundaries
  • connection—which focuses on the need to relate to oneself and others
  • resource—involving acquisitions and their consequences
  • control—the sense of mastery, vulnerability, and well-being

Though the Zaltmans are speaking to marketers and managers, anyone remotely tied to this space needs to listen.  These metaphors, coupled with thinking deeply, are the key to true influence on customers. They could help inform product and service positioning, product and service ideas, content strategy, UX strategy, and more.  They are the solution to frustrations I have experienced in the interactive marketing and UX worlds.  Interactive marketing can be very shallow.  I have complained about viewing customers as targets and misapplying psychological principles.  UX can have more depth, but people tend to stay in the “safe” realm of usability. In both worlds we hear much discussion about customer behavior.  We need to understand and align with consumer thought, which drives the behavior.

May we dare to go deeper!

Service Experience Depends on Content

Monday, September 29th, 2008

I recently helped design a music mastering service from soup to nuts.  So fun!  The process reminded me that content plays a key role in the service experience.  I first became aware of this fact a few years ago at Cingular Wireless, where the human-centered design team worked on projects for all customer touchpoints—IVR, store kiosk, customer service representative, website, you name it.  Get the content wrong in or across any of those touchpoints, and the service experience implodes.  Here are a few specific reasons why well-crafted content adds business value to a service.

Content Greases the Wheels of a Long-Term Service Relationship

The business-customer relationship for a product often is short term.  The customer shops, compares, buys, and then the relationship is mostly over. With a service, the relationship often is long term. When a customer signs up for a service, whether a mobile service plan or NetFlix, she often is signing up for a period of time or certain number of uses.  If anything requires good communication, it’s a long-term relationship. ;-) The substance of this communication is largely content.

  • The business has to communicate to the customer: account status, order history and status, bill statements, special offer notifications, announcements of new benefits or features, technical support and more.
    • This content needs to be accurate, credible, reliable, easily accessible, and easily understandable.
    • If the content is not, customers will lose confidence or become confused and even angered.
  • In turn, the customer may need to communicate to the business: change in preferences, bill questions, technical questions, and more.
    • The service needs to provide a way for customers to communicate with it, plus content that helps explain or support interactions and to answer questions.
    • Again, this content needs to be credible, reliable, easily accessible, and easily understandable.

Content Adds a Personal, Differentiating Tone to the Automated Aspects of a Service

Of course, the direction of many services is automation, such as paying the service bill online.  Automation saves businesses money by being more efficient and requiring fewer employees.  Automation often is more convenient for customers, as well. The tricky part? Preserving a personal feel or tone in the service, especially for the long term.  How can you make your service seem different from your competitor’s if it is largely automated?  One way is through outstanding content that has a distinctive voice.

For the music mastering service I mentioned earlier, the president had a large hand in crafting the content’s voice.  I think it largely worked because he designed the service for someone like him. The voice seemed authentic. Also, many of the “web 2.0″ services have extremely informal and human-sounding content, which I think helps create an authentic voice.  A huge brand for many products and services that has impressively managed to keep a distinct voice is Virgin.  I look forward to seeing how voice evolves as service design grows.

Virgin's distinct voice appears even on a log in page

Virgin's unmistakable brash voice is clear even on a log in page.

More on Service Experience and Design

What’s Happening: New Article on VUIs and More

Monday, September 22nd, 2008

The response to this blog has been wonderful–a winning experience, you might say.  SO winning that some cool things are happening, and I want to update you.

Article on Emotion and VUIs (Voice User Interfaces)

One of my favorite colleagues, Darnell Clayton, and I just released an article, “Emotion and Voice User Interfaces” that explores emotional factors when designing VUIs.  We think integrating VUIs with GUIs, especially on mobile, has huge business value now—and enormous business value in the future.  So UX professionals need to learn how to design them.

Ask the UX Expert

The handy publication UXMatters has invited me to be one of the experts in their new feature column “Ask the UX Expert.”  I’ll face the challenge of answering a real question from real UX professionals every so often.  The challenge will not be easy; user experience professionals are not afraid to ask hard questions!  But I’m looking forward to giving useful answers.

Interview Series

I have lined up some fascinating interviews with leaders and innovators in user experience, mobile, speech / voice, content strategy, and more.  I can’t give away all the secrets yet, but the first interview will appear very soon!

Authenticity: There, Gone, and Back Again

Monday, September 15th, 2008

Last week I enjoyed a vacation in Vermont.  If there was one word that came to mind over and over again, it was “authentic.”  No obnoxious billboards.  Lots of gorgeous farms.  Scarce fast food and retail chains.  Lots of quaint, if not quirky, inns and restaurants.  I felt almost transported to another country or a previous time, where things seem a little more genuine somehow.

A covered bridge in Vermont

A covered bridge on a Vermont road.

Today I returned not just to the visual cacophony of billboards and the sameness of chains but also to the U.S. stock market fall.  The Dow Jones lost 500 points.  Why such a tumble?  Though the answer has many facets, I think its core is lack of authenticity.  People invested in something that wasn’t really there….in the real estate sector where predatory loans gave people houses they couldn’t afford and earned profits that didn’t last.  And not just any people invested in this mirage of money.  Major financials did, bringing themselves down and bringing Wall Street down with them.  By this afternoon, I was quite distressed.

This evening I read a post on the analytics blog Occam’s Razor by Avinash Kaushik.  It was an update on a “little book” he wrote called Web Analytics: An Hour a Day.  Like many of his posts, this one delivered its message in occasionally unidiomatic English peppered with enthusiastic asides, emoticons, and exclamation points.  Among the images was a flower and the cover from the Little Engine That Could.  Quirky, indeed.  This genuine style contrasts nicely with the intimidating subject of web analytics.  Today, for me, it contrasted with the spurious investments on Wall Street.  An even greater counterpoint was the post’s message.  It seems Kaushik is donating 100% of his book royalties to two charities, Doctors without Borders and The Smile Train.  So far he has donated $28,000.  Yes, he still enjoys indirect benefits of being a successful author and analytics expert.  But giving up the cash is literally putting your money where your mouth is.  Nothing fake about it.  Tonight, I feel a little more hopeful.

I can’t help but think authenticity is key to lasting influence and, ultimately, a winning experience for all.  In the case of Wall Street, what seemed to be a win-win-lose situation for predatory lendors, investors, and homeowners has devolved into a lose-lose-lose situation.  Web Analytics is a win-win-win situation for Kaushik, the readers, and the charities.  May it inspire more.